Kauṭilya’s theory of power, as outlined in the Arthaśāstra, revolves around the concept of Vidyā (knowledge) and its application. Vidyā serves as the activator of Bala (power source), crucial in shaping Śakti (power potential) and achieving Siddhi (power outcome). Kauṭilya identifies four essential disciplines of knowledge that guide state administration: Ānvīkṣikī (cognitive methods), Trayī (Vedic texts), Vārttā (economics), and Daṇḍanīti (governance).
Ānvīkṣikī consists of three schools of thought—Sāṃkhya (metaphysics), Yoga (meditation), and Lokāyata (materialism). Together, they provide a framework for cognitive analysis and decision-making. Sāṃkhya offers metaphysical insights into the nature of reality, Yoga enhances mental discipline, and Lokāyata brings a practical, materialistic approach to understanding the world. Trayī, encompassing the teachings of the Vedic texts, serves as the moral foundation of power. It imparts Dharma (morality), guiding rulers in the ethical aspects of governance. A ruler’s adherence to Dharma ensures the legitimacy of their power, fostering trust and stability within the state. Vārttā focuses on the economic aspects of governance, teaching Artha (wealth acquisition, maintenance, and preservation). Daṇḍanīti, the discipline of governance, imparts knowledge of Naya (policy) and Bala (power). It equips the ruler with the skills needed to enforce laws, manage state resources, and protect the realm from internal and external threats.
Vidyā produces Jñāna-Bala (knowledge power), enabling a ruler to develop Mantra-Śakti (the power of decision-making), which leads to Mantra-Siddhi (the successful achievement of determined outcomes). Kośa-Daṇḍa-Bala (transactional and coercive power) stems from economic prosperity and the effective use of force, forming the backbone of Prabhu-Śakti (the authority of the government). This, in turn, allows a ruler to achieve Prabhu-Siddhi (independent policymaking and the maintenance of order). Vikrama-Bala (heroic power), another vital form of power derived from Vidyā, particularly Ānvīkṣikī, empowers a ruler to act decisively in the face of challenges. From this emerges Utsāha-Śakti (the will to act), a crucial force driving Utsāha-Siddhi (decisiveness). This form of power, rooted in a ruler’s moral conviction and courage, leads to successful governance and the realisation of the state’s goals.
Ultimately, the various Siddhis (achievements) resulting from the proper application of Vidyā lead to Sukha (the fulfillment of power), representing the achievement of the ultimate goals of government, power, and knowledge. This holistic approach, as outlined by Kauṭilya, offers profound insights into the intricate dynamics of power and governance.
Published as “Kautilyan Theory of Power”, VideshNeeti, 30 October 2024, 1 (5): 4.
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